Crisis communications- Honda Recall Research Paper

Tehran Chokes and Blames Severe Pollution on US Sanctions

Chapter by chapter guide Summary Introduction Analysis Conclusion Reference List Summary This article (Dehghan 2010) clarifies the impacts of contamination on Tehran and why approvals are forced by US government. Tehran is overpopulated and since the significant method of transport is by street a ton of carbon dioxide is radiated into the air henceforth the air in that city is dirtied and when this gas is added to the gases discharged by the recently settled processing plants, the measure of carbon dioxide and different poisons doubles.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Tehran Chokes and Blames Severe Pollution on US Sanctions explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a case of negative externality since contamination is brought about by the day by day exercises in Tehran. In the ongoing past, individuals could stand insignificant contamination yet the present circumstance has gotten insufferable. The assent against Iran blocks it from exchanging with different countries. On its part the Iranian government has been pointing a charging finger on US government. Presentation An externality develops when an outsider is influenced by any financial endeavor, along these lines they may encounter either cost or advantage. An advantage is regularly alluded to as a positive externality, though an expense is named as a negative externality. Things like innovation are viewed as positive externalities since they advantage the innovators as well as the general public on the loose. Negative externalities incorporate air contamination and the social expense of medication use (Mankiw 2008). In such manner, Iran is the world’s biggest wellspring of raw petroleum yet then it has not been refining this oil because of absence of satisfactory offices. The exchange unrefined petroleum has been doing admirably in the past as of not long ago when US forced endorses on Iran which banned different countries from exchanging with Iran. While the administration demands the impact of air contamination, these approvals have affected contrarily on Iran because of contamination. This paper looks to build up the impact of contamination and sanctions, and the answers for these kinds of externality. Investigation The exchange unrefined petroleum has been valuable to Iran since its economy depends on oil since its territory can't bolster other monetary exercises, for example, farming thus mining structures the base of economy in Iran. Only a couple of months back the US government has forced assents that have obstructed exchange among Iran and different countries and since Iran sends out unrefined petroleum to different nations where its refined and afterward imported to Iran, the nation has been crushed. The creation of oil in Iran and mechanized vehicle has come about to unnecessary air contamination which thusly has made the city to be torn up pretty bad. The assents have influenced other monetary parts including banking since a lot of cash held by banks have been solidified subsequently there is deficient gracefully of money in Iran (Wright 2007). The US government forced assents with the point of rebuffing the Iranian government however then the discipline didn't arrive on the planned objective in light of the fact that by taking a gander at the circumstance on the ground its not the administration that is being rebuffed but rather the normal people.Advertising Looking for report on environment? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The contamination has endured which has prompted the conclusion of learning foundations in light of the fact that the gases radiated are very poisonous to such an extent that individuals need to put on gas covers to abstain from taking in the carbon monoxide and its destructive mixes (Dehghan 2010). In such manner, air contamination is viewed as a negative externality. The sureness of creation and utilization externalities prompts contrasts in private and social expenses of creation and use. This suggests the expenses and advantages of externalities ought to be added to the social expense and social advantages individually (Mankiw 2008). This is the situation of Tehran since authorizations and air contamination has brought about social expenses as clarified in the past passages. The accompanying diagrams clarify the idea of negative externality, where: MSC = Marginal Social Cost; MPC = Marginal Private Cost; MPB = Marginal Private Benefit; and MSB = Marginal Social Benefit. Diagram 1: Negative externality in Consumption This sort of externality is experienced since the MPB (the interest bend of Tehran’s oil creating organizations) surpasses the MSB (the requests of the general public). Consequently, the individuals of Tehran will in general like an amount Q1 and the organizations creating oil lean toward amount Q2. Publicizing We will compose a custom report test on Tehran Chokes and Blames Se vere Pollution on US Sanctions explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Graph 2: Negative Externality in Production The concealed region speaks to the externality achieved by creation. This is on the grounds that the MPC (the expense of creating unrefined petroleum) is not exactly the MSC (the impacts of contamination on individuals and the earth). In this manner, the MPC is slanted to one side. The technique of controlling the externality would require blending the social cost/advantages to the private costs/benefits. In attempting to take care of the issue of contamination and assents, Iran has been compelled to search for choices to ensure its unrefined petroleum is refined in light of the fact that it doesn't sell raw petroleum since it doesn't have a treatment facility plant. In this manner Iran has picked to refine the unrefined petroleum herself. Maybe this is on the grounds that the legislature of Iran knows about the interest for oil is high everywhere through out the world. Kessler (2008) clarifies that obviously the administration of Iran didn't consider the impacts of dirtying the earth and this implies they don’t have appropriate components of reusing the gases produced at their processing plant. As per an article from the Tehran Times (2010), the Iranian government has understood that the authorizations could prompt monetary decrease yet then its most recent choice has accomplished more mischief than anything in light of the fact that imperative divisions, for example, instruction has been ended. Likewise, to that the strength of Tehranians is in danger and recently more individuals have been conceded into medical clinics since they can not inhale well. Moreover, the city hall leader of Tehran, Qalibaf has asked the legislature to improve open vehicle with the point of decreasing air contamination. Measures incorporate utilizing exchange methods for transport, for example, mass transportation and bicycling and forcing limitati ons on street use (Tehran Times 2010). The legislature can't stand to overlook the refining of raw petroleum however it ought to consider presenting instruments of catching the gases before they are transmitted into the environment. On the other hand, the treatment facility plant can be moved to a detached spot a long way from human settlements (Torbat 2005).Advertising Searching for report on biology? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More End Air contamination has been the significant reason for Tehran issues. The Iranian government ought to consider yielding to the requests of US government for its residents in order to have the assents lifted on the grounds that the authorizations will in the long run lead to decrease in economy which will result to different issues, for example, common agitation. As per Fassihi and Cummins (2008) the processing plants of oil produce carbon dioxide into the environment which exhausts the ozone layer which consequently adds to a dangerous atmospheric devation. Air contamination is along these lines a negative externality that ought to be maintained a strategic distance from. Consequently, the legislature ought to think about these impacts and draw in with the American government in arrangements. Reference List Dehghan, Saeed. 2010. â€Å"Tehran gags and accuses serious contamination for US sanctions†. The Guardian. Web. Fassihi, Farnaz and Cummins Chip. 2008.†Iranians Sc heme to Elude Sanctions†. Money Street Journal. Web. Kessler, Glenn. 2008.†US connections Iranian Bank to Fifth Avenue Building†. The Washington Post. Web. Mankiw, Gregory. 2008. Standards of Economics. fifth ed. USA: Cengage Learning. Tehran Times. 2010. â€Å"Improving Public Transport is correct Solution to Air Pollution†. Web. Torbat, Akbar. 2005. †Impacts of the US exchange and budgetary authorizes on Iran†, The world Economy, vol 28, No.3, pp.407-437. Wright, Steven. 2007. The United States and Persian Gulf Security: The establishments of the war on fear. Ithaca Press. This report on Tehran Chokes and Blames Severe Pollution on US Sanctions was composed and put together by client Nash Holder to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Riot Asks Joshua Henkin

Riot Asks Joshua Henkin Joshua Henkin is the author of the novels  Swimming Across the Hudson  (a  Los Angeles Times  Notable Book) and  Matrimony  (a  New York Times  Notable Book). His stories have been published widely, cited for distinction in  Best American Short Stories, and broadcast on NPR’s Selected Shorts. He directs the MFA Program in Fiction Writing at Brooklyn College. His latest novel, The World Without You (Knopf/Pantheon) has received much critical acclaim.   ____________________________ Book Riot: What are you reading now? Joshua Henkin: So I’m reading a lot of things at the same time, including American Rust by Philip Meyer, Goodnight Nebraska  by Tom McNeal, and Maile Meloy’s Both Ways Is the Only Way I Like It, and the manuscript of a novel from one of my students. I’m always a few weeks behind on The New Yorker; I knew this guy in Ann Arbor who used to read the New York Times from cover to cover every day, and he was years behind, so I’m a little bit like that. There was a Donald Antrim story from a few weeks ago that was very good, and it reminded me of reading an essay of his about finding a mattress with his girlfriend. Oh, I’m also reading the first of Edward St. Aubyn’s Patrick Melrose series, Never Mind. I don’t always finish things I try. I used to, on principal, but now if I’m halfway through a book and it’s not doing it for me, I stop. However, everything I’m reading so far seems really strong. BR: Which book do you wish you had written? JH: I feel like every book I love, I wish I’d written. Madame Bovary, The Great Gatsby, any of Alice Munro’s short stories as well as John Cheever’s journalsas long as I would not have had to live his life! Dubliners. Augie March, Revolutionary Road. I think David Foster Wallace’s essays are tremendousthe one on English grammar and usage in particular. BR: Which book do you recommend over and over again? JH: I like to recommend books that haven’t gotten the attention they deserve, like Tom McNeal’s book To Be Sung Underwater that has a strange, slightly implausible premise. There was a collection of stories from about 25 years ago titled Sweet Talk by Stephanie Vaughan that has recently been reissued with an introduction by Tobias Wolff, which makes me really psyched. Oh, and The Privileges by Jonathan Dee. I think certain books are better for being imperfect, toothose that take risks and do things that surprise you and don’t entirely work but nonetheless make you experience things you wouldn’t otherwise, so even though the Dee may not be flawless, he knows how to write characters, and I’m a character guy. In that novel, character just jumps off of the page at you. I also often recommend early Jane Smiley novellas, like The Age of Grief, which is devastatingly good in a quiet, heartbreaking way. She’s one of those writers whose books feel dissimilar. BR: Has a book every disappointed you? JH: Most books disappoint me, in the sense that I think it’s really hard to write a good novel. In grad school, Richard Ford and Richard Russo both emphasized that “even writing a bad novel is a major accomplishment.” But you know, if its hard to write a bad novel, its even harder to write a good novel! Most books disappoint, but I keep on reading because it’s worth it for the novels that are great. Even if a novel disappoints, that feeling, for me, is tempered by a kind of humility.  I happen to teach grad students; I’ve gotta say, some of them are writing work that blows me away and is better than most published work. BR: Which book changed your life? JH: I remember my childhood pretty clearly but I don’t feel there was a bookperhaps E.B. Whites The Trumpet of the Swan?that changed my life or rocked my world. However, all of the books I read then had a big impact on me as a writer. All the books you read affect you in ways that you often cant fully figure out. I remember when Ethan Canins The Emperor of the Air came out and I read one of the stories in it, The Year of Getting to Know Us and thought: Oh! Id like to do that, too. My first writing instructor was Leonard Michaels, and the way he writes about sex and violence was very powerful for me. It took me 10 years to write Matrimony. I re-read Empire Falls by Richard Russo, and there was something about the way he dealt with time in that book that helped me find a way to structure Matrimony so that it opened up and worked. This Boys Life by Tobias Wolff was life changing in terms of my model book as a writer. It is so deeply unwritten you are  unaware of the author. Thats’s how I like to write. Its not the only way, but it takes a lot of effort to make something seem effortlessyou have to be so on top of things in order to disappear! BR: Whats your reading process while you’re writing? JH: Its basically the samethat is, I’m writing all the time. To me, I want to read as widely and deeply as possible. I never understand this anxiety of influence stuffI feel the opposite! I just dont buy not being influenced. You  should be influenced, and be influenced by the good writing. When I was in grad school, there was a lass on imitation. People are so concerned about originality, but if youre good and you have a voice, that will show. There are really only a couple of stories: A stranger comes to town, or someone goes on a trip. The more you read, the more you can riff on those plots. If youre not a reader, youre not a writer. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

The Mind Of A Gambler s Mind - 918 Words

Have you ever wondered what goes on inside a gambler’s mind? What cunning techniques, slick secrets, and daring ideas run through the mind of a man who survives by turning the odds in his favor. It is one thing to be lucky, but to consistently beat an entire business at its own game is truly an amazing and bewildering thing. The first step to beating the system is learning the rules. This is only common sense, one must know the rules in order to find ways around them. A gambler may spend weeks memorizing each rule, both written and unwritten, before he even considers going into a casino. After this, he may spend several more months learning how to beat these rules and perfecting the tricks. After a gambler feels he/she has†¦show more content†¦After a few days, the gambler will select a new place to try his so-called â€Å"luck† at a new target. This time, however, he will be different. He will be more sure of himself, possibly a little more cocky, more polished with every bit of experience he gains. To a person who doesn’t know what to look for, this could be taken as a positive change. That would be a false accusation. In all reality, this makes the gambler easier to mark as a professional, meaning he will be watched more carefully. At the first sign of counting cards or anything of the sort, he could be asked to leave. This makes his confidence his greatest weakness, because confidence leads to arrogance, arrogance to carelessness, and carelessness to mistakes. The process was very well described by gambler Hunter S. Thompson when he said â€Å"Gambling can turn into a dangerous two-way street. When you least expect it, weird things happen, and your life can go all to pieces.† Now that you have a bit of knowledge on the subject, let’s look at some examples from BranyQuote.com, a website that has a large compilation of quotes from all kinds of gamblers. First, we have one man who retained his mental state and did not become a victim of gambling. â€Å"No presidential candidate should visit Las Vegas without condemning organized gambling† (Ralph Nader). However, others, such as Hunter S. Thompson, let it consume them completely. Thompson proved this when he said â€Å"Without gambling, I would not exist.† For thoseShow MoreRelatedShould Internet Gambling Be Illegal?1191 Words   |  5 Pagesthoughts of the people in mind, let the attention be turned to the thoughts of the states. Taking into consideration states rights, banning online gambling will be an infringement of their constitutional freedoms. With the constitution in mind, specifically the 10th amendment, the states have authority over whether or not something can be done without the consent of the federal government. 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Anyhow in this essay will be focus on the topic of noting the features of different types of gaming machines, how do gaming machines and the layout of gaming room ‘s impact on a club and its patrons?. The first gaming machines were developed in United States of America and in the early of 1900’s the gaming machine were appear in the Australia shores (Onlinepokies, 2013). Anyhow in that particular time gambling is illegal but very popular. Thus, on 1996 New South Wales has firstRead MoreThe American Gaming Association ( Aga )1465 Words   |  6 Pagesin a negative way. Sport betting has been a part of many scandals in American sports. Athletes, coaches, and referees in various sports have been involved in different scandals through fixing games to change the outcome. To ‘fix’ a game is when gamblers predetermine the outcome of a game by paying money to players, referees, or anyone that can change the outcome. For example, in the 1919 Major League Baseball World Series, the Chicago White Sox lost against the Cincinnati Reds in a scandal thatRead MoreYou Bet Gambling Is Addictive3189 Words   |  13 Pagesaccepted definition of PG as persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that â€Å"disrupts personal, family, or vocational pursuits† (APA 2000). The diagnostic criteria established by the APA in the DSM-IV-TR are that a person is a pathological gambler if he or she agrees with five or more of the following behaviors: 1. as gambling progressed, became more and more preoccupied with reliving past gambling experiences, studying a gambling system, planning the next gambling venture, or thinking of

Chinese History Pointed at the Wrong Direction - 1247 Words

China has always been proud of its history. Being one of the most advance civilizations way before America was even discovered, a lot of the Chinese today still cling on to their glory days even if they are one of the world’s superpowers. A massive country with patriotic citizens and a great economy is what people know of China today. However, what most people do not know and the rest wanting to forget, is that China had its fair share of atrocities done to its very own people. One of these, of course, would be the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, wherein under the great struggle of Mao Zedong return to power, he turned youths by the thousand to be his personal army, infamously known as the â€Å"Red Guards† and used them to persecute†¦show more content†¦The four pests were rats, flies, mosquitos and sparrows. The extermination of the first three pests did a wonder to China, and is still evident today. The lessened rats, flies, and mosquitos in China ar e proof of their hygiene and sanitation. The fourth pest however was a blunder under Mao Zedong’s part. He believed that by exterminating sparrows that eat farmers’’ grains, he could increase the amount of food that could feed his people – extremely wary not to cause another famine. This however, resulted to an ecological imbalanced that caused an increase of insects, normally eaten by sparrows. Mao was truly an advocate of health and hygiene, in many of the photos of the Red Guards, they are always seen with face masks and a large megaphone (Louis Barcata 34-35). It was also written in the little red book of Mao that the health of the citizen was paramount to the progress of the country. From the time of the Cultural Revolution until today, it is in China’s laws that require certain institutions to spend minutes every day for exercise. The children under Mao Zedong’s rule and the children of today’s China are similar in a sense that they have the same morning exercise routine (A. Doak Barnett 275). Mao Zedong was truly a powerful and influential leader being able to make people act accordingly with just his words and ideas. This in effect lead to thousands, then millions of people being more health conscious.Show MoreRelatedThe Great Leap Forward By Mao Zedong1410 Words   |  6 PagesLeap Forward and People s Communes. â€Å"The Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong’s disastrous experiment in collectivized agricultural, killed some 30 million Chinese, perhaps more, between 1958 and 1962† (Mitter, 156). 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Mcnamara and the “Fog of War” Free Essays

Rebekka Carter 11/15/2012 McNamara and the â€Å"Fog Of War† Sometimes negotiation and peace is the only way to avoid catastrophe that could destroy us all. The first lesson of the â€Å" Fog of War,† that McNamara gave was to empathize with your enemy. McNamara thought it was a must and that is was important to put ourselves into the enemy’s shoes. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcnamara and the â€Å"Fog of War† or any similar topic only for you Order Now He discussed in the interview that later became a documentary, the possible serious consequences we could face as a nation if we didn’t empathize with Cubans during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. We must try to put ourselves inside their skin and look at us through their eyes, just to understand the thoughts that lie behind their decisions and their actions,† McNamara justified. If we could negotiate and settle, we might can work something out to benefit both the U. S. , and the Soviet Union. During the Cuban missile Crisis, McNamara tried to persuade President Kennedy not to press on and invade Cuba. He could give the president advice because he was a member of the president’s cabinet. Robert McNamara was the Secretary of Defense in office. He persuaded him along with Tommy Thompson whom was the former U. S. Ambassador to Moscow. They gave them advice on two messages we received from the Soviet Union. McNamara described this as a â€Å"hard message† and a â€Å"soft message. † The soft message said they would remove the missiles from Cuba as long as we promised not to invade. On the other hand, Kennedy also received the hard message which basically revealed that if we pressed on and invaded Cuba,they would respond with massive military force. McNamara stressed how important it was to empathize with Cuba,if we didn’t the consequences could be a nuclear war holocaust. Kennedy ended up empathizing with them by responding to the first message. This action could of saved us from a possible Nuclear War and from devastation, disaster, and from loosing trillions of innocent American people. McNamara describes the relationship between empathy, morality, and war. He thinks that during war in order to be victorious you have to see the way the enemy sees and try to make peace with them. From a moral stand point, do what’s best for the common good. It’s best to make peace or at least negotiate and come to an agreement to avoid any consequences that could threaten innocent civilians. I think he believed more in peace and harmony than in war. It was best to just avoid it if possible and negotiate then avoid conflict. Later on in the documentary, McNamara describes the fire bombings of Japanese cities. He argues is it moral to take the lives of 100,000 of Japanese civilians in one night just to win the war. On top of burning the cities, Lemay wanted to drop a bomb. McNamara argued that proportionality was a guideline in war. We shouldn’t overdue it just to win. We should have it evened out with the enemy on casualties and civilian deaths. Lemay considered his actions to be thought immoral if they had lost. So judging from that I’d say that if his side lost, then loosing that many people would have been for nothing. If they would of won, it would have been moral is the conclusion I’m drawing from this. Is it ever legitimate to criticize your country’s actions in a time of war? I think so yes, and I wouldn’t consider it to be unpatriotic for disagreeing with the government. Freedom of Speech is one thing our country is founded on and everyone can have their own personal view or criticism. One can still have love for one’s country and not agree with their policies or in this particular case, war tactics. Some people may not be for war because of the innocent lives lost: men,women, and children. Some people might especially be against nuclear war because of innocent lives and it just causes more danger and conflict. In my opinion it is legitimate to argue or criticize about war or any other action a country carries out. This documentary opened my eyes and changed the way I truly saw Nuclear War and the effects and consequences it can have. The Cuban Missile Crisis had very high stakes to cause not only a Nuclear War, but a Nuclear war Holocaust. With being struck with one bomb, there is a possibility we would of bombed Cuba back. I don’t believe we would of surrendered. Other countries would of gotten involved and devastation and loss as of a result from this would have been very great. The fire bombings described in Japan was very disproportionate and unevenly scattered. Cities everywhere in Japan had different numbers of deaths and injuries. Lemay thought this had to be done in order to win the war, even though it was considered â€Å"immoral. † This documentary was an eye opener and it really gave good insight on the key ways to being successful in a war. McNamara called it â€Å"The Rules of War. † How to cite Mcnamara and the â€Å"Fog of War†, Essay examples

What Do You Find Interesting About The Work Of Grace Nichols Essay Example

What Do You Find Interesting About The Work Of Grace Nichols Paper Grace Nichols was born in Guyana in 1950. She lived there until 1977 when she came to live with her partner, another poet. She writes many poems and anthologies. Her poems are mainly about black people and their sense of culture. She writes about the pride they have to be themselves and not to feel embarrassed about who they are. She has also written poetry about missing her home and about what it feels like to be away. I have chosen to study four poems by Grace Nichols: these are, Beauty, The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, Like A Beacon and Island Man. These four poems all explore different aspects of cultural diversity. Beauty is about Nichols own views of beauty and not listening to the stereotypical ideas that are impounded into everybodys minds. Nichols doesnt mean beauty in the sense of having a perfect figure and features but beauty in the form of being proud of herself and content with whom she is. This poem is primarily about a fat black woman. Another of these poems is about a fat black woman. The title of this is The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping. Though this poem shows that she is proud of who she is, it also shows a little touch of insecurity within herself. We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Find Interesting About The Work Of Grace Nichols specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Find Interesting About The Work Of Grace Nichols specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Find Interesting About The Work Of Grace Nichols specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I can tell this through the lines and de pretty face sales gals exchanging slimming glances These lines show that she feels anger towards the girls for having the stereotypical traits of beauty that she was so against in the last poem. It shows how she wants society to change and become less bothered about size. The other two poems are about being away and missing home. Like A Beacon is about Grace Nichols missing her home and the comforts that she used to have there. This poem shows that home is an important aspect of her life. She also seems to take it as an important part of other peoples lives too as the last poem Island Man is about a man from the Caribbean who lives in London: he misses his home and dreams about being there. Even though Nichols has written this poem about others, her sub heading is for a Caribbean island man in London who still wakes up to the sound of the sea. From the sub heading, it could be imagined that she wrote this thinking about herself as well as others. By writing that sub heading, it sounds as if she relates to the island man who features in her poem. It seems as if she wrote the heading to show her readers in that position that she empathises with them. Titles of poems can sometimes say a lot about a poem. Beauty is a short simple title. If the reader had only got as far as the title, it could be presumed that it would be similar in content to the stereotypical views of beauty or about the scenery. When the poem is read fully, it is actually about a fat black woman. It would surprise the reader because the first thought in a persons head is not one of beauty. The poem The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, has a long but precise title. It tells you exactly what the poem is about. It is very direct and it hides nothing. To say, in the title of a poem The Fat Black Woman shows that Nichols is not ashamed to say, or to be who she is. One could presume that the poem is autobiographical because it changes from third-person text; to first-person text for the line Lord is aggravating. This indicates that she knows personally how this situation feels. For her to describe herself as a fat black woman in a poem, which is likely to be read by many people, takes a strong-minded person who isnt afraid to emphasise the fact that she is who she is. Like A Beacon is not a title which appears to give anything away. The word beacon can be associated with belisha beacons by a zebra crossing but this poem is not about these. In this poem, beacon is meant as a strong, important light. Nichols is implying that her home is the warmth and strength that she loves and is an important part of her life. Shes basically trying to say that her home is the light of her life. Island Man has a short title. It tells the reader very little (that it is about a man from an island) but the sub heading tells the reader a lot more. For an island man who lives in London and still wakes up to the sound of the sea. It explains what the poem is about and what it is trying to say, but it is very long. It is an appropriate sub heading but is too long to be a title. Island Man says what it needs to and the sub heading adds to it perfectly In most of these poems, she uses third person narrative but in one she uses first person and in another she switches between the two. In her poem Beauty, Nichols uses third person narrative. This is an effective form to use because it makes the poem general and open to all fat black women, not just Nichols herself. If it were in first person narrative, the poem may not seem beautiful it would seem quite conceited on Nichols part. In third person, the poem is left completely to the imagination of the reader. I. e. what the fat black woman looks like and how she feels when she is walking the fields or riding the waves. In first person, the reader perhaps knows what she looks like and since she is so bold to say she is beauty, the reader can get an idea what she is feeling too. The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping also uses third person narrative throughout the poem except for one line where it moves to first person. Her use of both techniques is very effective and changes the mood of the poem largely. Though Nichols mainly uses third person it seems obvious that she is writing about her own experiences as she shifts to first person, which suggests that she agrees and somehow sympathises with the character in the poem. Like A Beacon is the only poem in which she uses first person narrative throughout. It is effective as it gives the reader the feeling of understanding her character and her inner thoughts a lot better. The poem talks about how Nichols feels and what she misses from home such as the food that her mother used to cook. If Nichols wrote the poem in third person narrative, it would not have such an impact because it would feel as if she was presuming that this was how people felt and it would not be as effective. Because this poem is about Nichols herself, it leaves the reader thinking or imagining how they would feel if they left home and what they would miss. Island Man also uses third person narrative. This is effective in this poem as it makes the poem seem as if it is a dream. It distances the reader from the person in the poem and makes the whole situation seem further away. If it had been written in first person, it would have made the reader feel closer to the person in the poem and so it would have made it feel less like a dream and more like life. Third person narrative gives you the feeling of distance, which makes the poem more enjoyable to read. Nichols uses many techniques to create the moods that she feels are appropriate for her poems. In her poem Beauty, Nichols wants to create the image of warm, calm settings. This is effective because the poem is based on beauty and warm, calm things are thought of as beautiful. The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping wants to create an angry and miserable mood. Nichols does this by using hard alliteration and pathetic fallacy. She uses winter to create cold images and hard alliteration to create the presence of anger and annoyance. This is effective in the poem because she is aggravated at the fact that the shop is prejudiced against women with clothes sizes over 14, as they dont have any. The poem Like A Beacon is trying to set the mood of the beacon being warmth and the light of her home, the Caribbean, and where she actually is, London, the cold place and not somewhere she would like to be. She talks about the things that she misses about home: in search of plantains Saltfish/sweet potatoes. The alliteration of the s makes those two lines sound very calm and positive. Island Man is trying to create two images: One of a beautiful, tropical place and the other of a dull, grey, cold place. Nichols tries to accomplish this mood using different styles of writing. For example: to make London sound dull, Nichols uses words such as groggily which is related to waking up and still being really tired and miserable. To make the Caribbean sound tropical, Nichols uses words like emerald which is related with beautiful jewellery so it make the island sound calm and a place on a similar level with Heaven. A main theme used in Nichols poetry is Cultural Identity. Nichols is not ashamed of who she is or what her background she has. She makes it very clear that her past is very important to her through her poetry. In her poem Beauty, Nichols states that Beauty is a fat black woman. This contrasts with the western ideal of female beauty i. e. white, thin, tall, and blonde. Nichols directly challenges these stereotypes and strongly asserts black female cultural identity. It is essentially a celebration of the beauty seen in a large, black, curvaceous woman. The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping is very similar to Beauty as it is also about a fat black woman. This poem also adds the fact of prejudice towards fat black women. This shows the divide between cultures. The poem Like A Beacon, uses a different form of cultural identity. It shows the difference between London and the Caribbean through the way Nichols describes what she misses about her home. She talks about the food that she used to eat (plantains, salt fish, sweet potatoes) which are not things that the English (white) culture is used to. Nichols poem Island Man is similar to the cultural identity in her poem Like A Beacon. It also talks about the differences between London and the Caribbean. This poem talks about the beauty and warmth of the Caribbean islands and the beaches there. It also talks about the cold and grey areas of London. It shows that the cultural identity of the island man is the opposite of a person who is from London. Nichols language techniques vary in her poetry depending on what she feels she should use to emphasise points or moods. She uses personification in both her poems Beauty and The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping. In Beauty, she says while the sea turns back to hug her shape. Nichols uses a soft mood to make the woman seem even more beautiful. She does this by saying; that even the sea wants to hug her-though the sea has no feelings. In the poem The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, Nichols uses it to achieve almost the opposite affect of which it had in Beauty. She uses the lines frozen thin mannequins fixing her with grin to emphasise the fact that the woman in this poem is quite paranoid, being in this shop. She presumes that even the plastic mannequins are laughing at her, though of course, that is not possible. This shows her insecurity about her size, particularly the views of others about it. Nichols uses alliteration in three of the four poems. In The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, Nichols uses hard alliteration to create a flowing image (bright, billowing, breezy. ). In the poem Like A Beacon, Nichols uses this language technique when describing the food that her mother used to cook. The s in saltfish/sweet potatoes lingers as it is read and it gives the reader the sense of the lingering smells of these foods as they were being cooked and afterwards too. Island Man also uses alliteration. Here, s is also used (sun surfacing) but she uses it to be sharp and snappy as the next word is defiantly and sharp and snappy words or letters seem quite defiant. In some of her poems, Grace Nichols uses particular words to create a mood or image. In Island Man she uses hard words-such as groggily, metallic, surge and crumpled-to create a dull and gloomy image of London. She also uses soft words-for example surf, wombing and emerald-to create a bright, happy image of the Caribbean. In her poem Beauty, she uses many soft word-such as hug, cheek, breezed and drifting-to create the warm beautiful image of the woman in it. Grace Nichols uses many techniques to emphasise points and to make lines stand out. In the poem Beauty, she uses repetition. She repeats the lines Beauty s a fat black woman to emphasise what the poem is about. She uses the structure of the poem to emphasise the same point as she leaves Beauty on its own to show that it is important. In The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, Nichols uses rhyme, repetition and the structure to make lines stand out. Most of this poem is written in verses but to show how the character in the poem feels, she leaves the line Lord is aggravating on its own. Though that is only one line, i t seems to stand out and the reader reads that first. It makes you think a great deal about the feelings of the subject. Nichols also uses rhyme at the end of this poem. It is the only time that she does this and it is very effective: that when it comes to fashion the choice is lean nothing much beyond a size 14. It really stands out and makes the irritation of the subject much greater. If rhyme had been used throughout the poem, it would not have been so effective. Nichols use of repetition in this poem works very well. The poem is all about a long unproductive day and repetition exaggerates that. She repeats the word journeying twice and it gives a real sense of boredom and tiredness. In her poem Like A Beacon, Nichols also uses the structure to emphasise a main point. She wants to make it clear about how she feels. She has written I Need This Link on its own, in between the two verses. The poem flows very well until it gets to that line. Nichols separates it and this makes the reader stop and think about what the poet is trying to say. Island Man uses repetition. Nichols uses it to exaggerate the first word and to make the mood of the poem clearer. It works well and it accentuates the dull image that Nichols is trying to paint of London e. g. groggily groggily. These four poems by Grace Nichols are poems that I have found very interesting. They all use ideas about cultural identity and racial difference and this makes the poems very engrossing. Though I have never been in the situation of missing home (Like A Beacon and Island Man) or having to deal with prejudice against my size (The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping), I feel, through reading the poetry that I understand and sympathise greatly with people who have to deal with these things. The poems have given me a greater understanding of the culture of Grace Nichols and I have thoroughly enjoyed reading and working on them.